Writing Rules

  1. General Principles

All referencing, citation, and bibliographic formatting must follow APA 7 (American Psychological Association) standards.

Authors must use the appropriate template depending on the language of the manuscript.

Note: Please use the initial submission template for first submission, and the post-acceptance template after acceptance.

If files cannot be opened or downloaded, clicking the link will automatically download them. For technical issues, contact the technical editor.

Initial Submission

  • English Initial Submission Template Download

After Acceptance

Main Text Format

The manuscript, including abstracts, keywords, and references, must be between 4,000 and 10,000 words.

The text must be written in Palatino Linotype, 10 pt, justified.

The main text must start on a new page with the INTRODUCTION section.

All section and subsection headings must be in Palatino Linotype, 10 pt, ALL CAPS, left-aligned.

Page and Paragraph Format

  • Font: Palatino Linotype, 10 pt, single-spaced, justified
  • Paragraph spacing: 0 pt before, 6 pt after
  • Block quotations: Palatino Linotype, 9 pt, indented 1.25 cm
  • Endnotes: Footnotes are not used. When necessary, endnotes may be added at the end in Palatino Linotype, 8 pt
  • Table text: Palatino Linotype, 9 pt

1.1. Abstract

The  abstract must include aim, method, findings, results, and recommendations, and be 150–250 words.

Abstracts must be written in Palatino Linotype, 9 pt, single paragraph, single-spaced, with no subheadings.

No references are allowed in the abstract.

Provide 3 to 7 keywords reflecting the content of the article.

 

1.2. Figures and Tables

All figures must be uploaded as separate JPEG files at 300 dpi.

Images, photos, and drawings are labeled as Figures, tables as Tables.

Figure captions appear below the figure, in

Palatino Linotype, 9 pt, bold, left-aligned, and must include the source.

 

Example:

Figure 1. Figure display


(Kaynak: Dalaman, 2025: 4)

Table captions appear above the table,

Palatino Linotype, 9 pt, bold, left-aligned, and must include the source.

Leave one blank line after the table.

Example:

Table 1. Table display

(Source: Prepared by the authors)

All figures and tables must be referred to in the text and placed in order on the Tables and Figures page.

JSESR – In-Text Citation and Reference List Guidelines (APA 7 Compatible)

1) General Principles

  1. In-text citations and references in JSESR must follow the APA 7th edition.
  2. All works cited in the text must appear in the reference list, and all items in the reference list must be cited in the text.
  3. Page numbers in JSESR are indicated with a colon (:), not with “p.” or “pp.”
    • Correct: (Boratav, 2005: 73)
    • Incorrect: (Boratav, 2005, p. 73)
  4. The abbreviations p., pp., ss. must not be used.
    • Correct: 35–46
    • Incorrect: pp. 35–46
  5. If a DOI or online access link exists, it must be provided as an active link. If no DOI exists, it is not mandatory.
  6. Expressions such as “Retrieved from” or similar access phrases are not used.
  7. Abbreviations and usage:
    • In Turkish texts, vd. is used instead of et al.
    • In JSESR, ibid., op. cit., supra, infra are not used; repeated citations must be written in full form each time.

2) In-Text Citation Rules

2.1. Basic format

  • Parenthetical: (Author, Year)
  • With page number: (Author, Year: Page)

2.2. When the author’s name appears in the sentence

  • Author (Year) …
  • Author (Year), … (Page)
    Example:

Boratav (2005) discusses class and distribution … (73).

2.3. According to number of authors

  1. a) One author
  • (Savran, 1992)
  • (Savran, 1992: 109)
  1. b) Two authors
  • In the text: and

Aydın and Taşkın (2017)

  • In parentheses: &

(Aydın & Taşkın, 2017)

  1. c) Three or more authors
  • Always use first surname + vd.

(Dalaman vd., 2022)
(Dalaman vd., 2022: 8)

2.4. Repeated citations within the same paragraph

  • If the author is mentioned in the sentence, the year may be omitted in subsequent mentions within the same paragraph.
  • In parenthetical citations, the year must always be repeated.

2.5. Authors with the same surname

  • Initials must be added:

(A. Tok, 2018); (B. Tok, 2019)

2.6. Same author, same year

  • Use a, b, c in both text and references:

(Boratav, 2005a); (Boratav, 2005b)

2.7. Multiple sources in one citation

  • Separated by semicolons and ordered alphabetically:

(Boratav, 2005: 73; Savran, 1992: 109)

2.8. Multiple works by the same author

  • Years separated by commas, from oldest to newest:

(Tanör, 1986, 1990, 1995)

2.9. Page ranges

  • “vd.” must not be used for pages.
    • Incorrect: (Boratav, 2005: 73 vd.)
    • Correct: (Boratav, 2005: 73–76)

3) Direct Quotations

3.1. Fewer than 40 words

  • Enclosed in double quotation marks with page number:

“…” (Savran, 1992: 109).

3.2. 40 words or more (block quotation)

  • New paragraph
  • Indented 1.25 cm from the left
  • 9-point font, plain text
  • No quotation marks or italics
  • Citation at the end:

(Dalaman vd., 2022: 8)

4) Special Usage

4.1. Foreign words

  • First use: italicized with Turkish meaning in parentheses
  • Subsequent uses: not italicized

4.2. Institutional names

  • First use: full name + abbreviation
  • Subsequent uses: abbreviation only

4.3. Titles of works

  • Book, journal and report titles are italicized.
  • Article titles are not put in quotation marks.

5) Reference List Rules

  1. The reference list must be arranged alphabetically.
  2. Author names are written as Surname, Initials.
  3. The same author(s) must be written out in full in every entry; dashes or ditto marks are not used.
  4. Journal titles must not be abbreviated.
  5. DOI must be provided if available; URLs are used only for online sources.
  6. Publisher location is not required under APA 7 and is therefore not used by JSESR.

6) Reference Examples (JSESR Format)

  1. A) Book

Boratav, K. (2005). Social classes and distribution in Türkiye in the 1980s. Istanbul: İmge Kitabevi.

In-text:

(Boratav, 2005: 73)

  1. B) Two-author book

Aydın, S., & Taşkın, Y. (2017). History of Türkiye from 1960 to the present. Istanbul: İletişim Yayınları.

  1. C) Edited book

Tiryakioğlu, M. (Ed.). (2020). Development with the state. Istanbul: İletişim Yayınları.

  1. D) Book chapter

Yılmaz, V. (2020). Transformation of the field of social policy in Türkiye. In M. Tiryakioğlu (Ed.), Development with the state inside (15–54). Istanbul: İletişim Yayınları.

  1. E) Journal article

Dalaman, Z. B. (2021). From secular Muslim feminism to Islamic feminisms and new generation Islamic feminists in Egypt, Iran and Turkey. Border Crossing, 11(1), 77–91. https://doi.org/10.33182/bc.v11i1.1042

  1. F) Published thesis

Kaya, H. (2017). Measuring pro-poor growth in Turkey. [Master’s thesis, Yıldız Technical University]. National Thesis Center of the Council of Higher Education, Türkiye.

In-text:

(Kaya, 2017: 112)

  1. G) Unpublished thesis

İlke, L. (2021). The life and political activities of İmren Aykut [Unpublished master’s thesis]. Zonguldak Bülent Ecevit University.

  1. H) Newspaper

Cumhuriyet. (1991, January 6).

Milliyet. (1983a, May 17).
Milliyet. (1983b, May 17).

In-text:

(Cumhuriyet, 1991)
(Milliyet, 1983a)

  1. I) Official Gazette

Republic of Türkiye Official Gazette. (1990, April 20). Decree Law No. 422 (Issue 20498).

  1. J) Parliamentary Records

Grand National Assembly of Türkiye. (1988, March 9). Parliamentary Proceedings, 18th Term, Vol. 3, 32nd Session.

  1. K) Institutional report

OECD. (2002). Technology policy and the environment. OECD Publishing.

  1. L) Internet source

Grand National Assembly of Türkiye (TBMM). (n.d.). İmren Aykut – 20th Term biography.
https://www.tbmm.gov.tr/.

In-text:

(TBMM, n.d.)

  1. M) Archival Document (BCA)

Presidency of the Republic of Türkiye – State Archives, Republican Archive (BCA).
(1989, May 18). Institution Code: 30-18-1-2, File No.: 624-840-1.

In-text:

(BCA, 1989)
(BCA, 1989, May 18)

If more than one document exists in the same year:

(BCA, 1989a)
(BCA, 1989b)

  1. Basic Rules
  • Every source cited in the text must appear in the reference list
    • Every work in the reference list must be cited in the text
    • DOI or URL must be provided if available
    • Archival documents must be indicated with year–month–day

7) Common Errors

  • Writing URLs in the text instead of in the reference list
  • Using “Retrieved from”
  • Using p., pp., ss. instead of “:”
  • Using vd. for page numbers
  • Using et al. instead of vd. in Turkish texts